In order to guide the development and application of water-saving technologies, promote water-saving technological progress, improve water use efficiency and efficiency, and promote the sustainable use of water resources, formulate the "China Water Conservation Technology Policy Outline" (hereinafter referred to as the "Outline"). The “Outline†is based on water saving technologies, processes, and equipment that were introduced before 2010, and considers mid- to long-term water-saving technologies accordingly. 2. 90% of agricultural water-saving agriculture water is used for irrigation in crop farming, and the rest is used in forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, drinking water for rural people and livestock. Although the proportion of water used for agriculture has decreased significantly in recent years, agriculture is still the largest water user in China and the development of high-efficiency and water-saving agriculture is the country’s basic strategy. 2.2 High-efficiency water distribution technology The proportion of water loss in the process of agricultural water distribution and distribution is very large. Increasing the efficiency of water transport is the main content of water saving in agriculture. 2.3 Field irrigation technology Field irrigation is not only the last step to improve the utilization rate of irrigation water, but also the basis for water diversion, water transportation and water distribution. Improvement of field irrigation technology is the focus of agricultural water conservation. 2.4 Biological water-saving and agronomic water-saving technologies Biological measures and agronomic measures can increase water use efficiency and water productivity, save water for irrigation, and are the main water-saving measures for agriculture. 2.5 Precipitation and return water use technology The improvement of precipitation utilization rate and return water reuse rate can directly reduce irrigation water consumption, which is the most basic content of water saving in agriculture. 2.6 Unconventional Water Utilization Technologies Based on research and trials, the use of unconventional water such as partially reclaimed water, brackish water, and desalted seawater, as well as the use of unconventional methods such as artificial rainfall enhancement techniques, will increase agricultural water resources. 2.7 Water-saving technologies in the aquaculture industry Development of water-saving technologies in the aquaculture industry. It is an important aspect of agricultural water conservation to improve the efficiency of water use for pasture irrigation, drinking water for livestock and poultry, livestock and poultry farms, irrigation of livestock and poultry, cooling of livestock and poultry, and aquaculture. 2.8 Water-saving technologies for villages and towns Water-saving technologies for villages and towns are developed in response to the characteristics of scattered water use by villages and towns, simple processing technology for agricultural products, low water use efficiency in villages and towns, poor water supply facilities in villages and towns, and insufficient sources of safe drinking water. CPE 135B,Cas No 63231-66-3,PVC Modifier 135B,Chlorinated Polyethylene 135B Sichuan Yibin United Import & Export Ltd. , https://www.ybund.com
1. General Discussion
1.1 China is a water-short country. Per capita water resources is about 2200m3, which is about one quarter of the world average. Due to the different hydrological zones in different regions and the influence of monsoon climate, the precipitation is extremely uneven in time and space distribution, and the water resources and land, mineral resources distribution and industrial and agricultural water use structure are incompatible. Water pollution is serious, and the lack of water quality has increased the shortage of water resources.
1.2 The contradiction between water supply and demand is outstanding. The water shortage in normal years in the country is about 40 billion m3, and the water crisis has severely constrained China’s economic and social development. Due to the shortage of water resources, the contradiction between industry and urban life, agricultural production and ecological environment competition in some regions is outstanding. In some areas, rivers are cut off, groundwater levels continue to decline, and the ecological environment is deteriorating. In recent years, the situation of urban water shortage is severe, and the nature of water shortage has shifted from water shortage due to engineering to water shortages and water quality. Urban water shortages have evolved from regional problems to national problems. Some cities have severely affected the city’s order of life due to lack of water, and urban development faces challenges.
1.3 With the economic and social development, the amount of water used has continued to increase, and the water structure has continued to adjust. In 2003, the proportion of water used for agriculture (including forestry, wetlands, etc.) to total water consumption dropped from 88% in 1980 to 66%, industrial water use increased from 10% to 22.1%, and urban domestic water consumption increased from 2% to 11.9%. Due to the different levels of economic and social development and water resources conditions in different parts of China, the water use structure is significantly different. With the increase of urban and rural living and industrial water use, the water use structure will be further adjusted, and the demand for water quality and guarantee rates will be higher.
1.4 Water conservation and efficient water use are the fundamental ways to ease the contradiction between water supply and demand. The core of water conservation is to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of water use. At present, China's industrial added value of yuan is 5 to 10 times that of developed countries. The utilization rate of irrigation water in China is only 40% to 45%. There is still a large gap between the world's advanced level and water saving potential.
1.5 The state enforces water conservation. Adhere to the scientific concept of development and put water conservation in a more prominent position. The state encourages the research, development, and application of new water-saving technologies, new processes, and major equipment. We will vigorously promote water conservation measures, develop water-saving industries, agriculture, and service industries, and build water-saving cities and water-saving society.
1.6 Adopt comprehensive and practical measures such as laws, economics, technology, and engineering to comprehensively promote water conservation. The water conservation work must achieve "three combinations", that is, the combination of engineering measures and non-engineering measures, the combination of advanced technology and conventional technologies, and the combination of compulsory water saving and efficiency guidance.
1.7 The Outline outlines China's water saving technology selection principles, implementation approaches, development directions, promotion measures, and incentive policies. The “Outline†is used to guide key technical directions for water-saving technology research, industrial development, and investment in water-saving projects, promote the popularization and application of water-saving technologies, limit and eliminate backward high-water technologies, processes, and equipment for the preparation of water resources and festivals. Water development planning provides technical support.
1.8 According to the principle of “practicalityâ€, the “Outline†adopts “research†and “development†in accordance with the actual conditions in China, according to the maturity of water-saving technologies, applicable natural conditions, socio-economic development level, cost, and water-saving potential. "Promotion," "limitation," "elimination," "prohibition," and other measures have guided the development of water-saving technologies. Emphasis is placed on the research, development, and promotion of advanced water-saving technologies that have high water use efficiency, good efficiency, and large impact.
1.9 The "water-saving technology" referred to in the "Outline" refers to technologies that can improve the efficiency and efficiency of water use, reduce water losses, and replace conventional water resources, including direct water-saving technologies and indirect water-saving technologies. Some are also energy-saving technologies and cleaner production technologies. And environmental protection technology.
1.10 The "Outline" provides technical policy support for achieving water saving goals. Through the guidance of the “Outlineâ€, we will strive to achieve “micro-growth†of industrial water intake between 2005 and 2010, and “zero growth†in the amount of water used for agriculture, and the overall water use per capita in cities will gradually decline.
2.1 Optimization of agricultural water allocation technology Agricultural water sources include precipitation, surface water, groundwater, and soil water, as well as return water, brackish water, and reclaimed water that have been treated in compliance with water quality standards. Through engineering measures and non-engineering measures, optimizing the allocation of multiple water sources is the basic requirement for achieving planned water use, water conservation, and improving the efficiency of agricultural water use.
2.1.1 Actively develop multi-source joint scheduling technology. Vigorously promote the control and dispatch methods of various agricultural water engineering facilities, effectively use surface water, rationally extract groundwater, reasonably allocate and use water resources in time and space, and develop the “Changtengguagua†irrigation system and its irrigation water management technology. To realize the joint dispatching of “large, medium, small, storage, quotation, and promotion†and improve the ability of adjusting and abatement in the irrigation area.
2.1.2 Gradual implementation of agricultural water use control and quota management. Accelerate the formulation of irrigation water quotas for different types of precipitation in different regions for different types of agricultural water use and different irrigation methods, and reasonably adjust the proportion of water use for agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, deputy and fishery industries.
2.1.3 Establish a water-saving and efficient farming system adapted to the conditions of water resources. Advocate the development and application of suitable water planting technology. According to the local conditions of water, soil, light, and heat resources, with the principle of high efficiency and water saving, crops should be set with water and the planting structure and irrigation scale of the crops should be rationally arranged. Restricting and compressing acreage for high water-consuming, low-yield crops.
2.1.4 Develop irrigation and drainage combined irrigation technology. Promote and apply combined surface water and groundwater control technologies; promote dual-irrigation of wells and canals, fill sources of drainage water, and protect water wells; pay attention to research on the technology of groundwater picking and compensating balance.
2.1.5 Develop soil moisture and drought monitoring and forecasting technologies. Strengthen the study of spatio-temporal variation of large-scale soil moisture and study of soil moisture and drought index system; Actively research and develop soil moisture and drought monitoring instruments and equipment.
2.2.1 Apply anti-seepage technology to local conditions.
For pipelines with high water loss and low water transmission efficiency, the channels and the above channels shall be given priority to seepage prevention; all seepage prevention shall be provided for the fixed channels of the non-rechargeable source in the well irrigation area;
2.2.2 Develop pipeline water delivery technology. The priority should be given to the use of low-pressure pipelines for water distribution when renovating small-flow channels. In the irrigation districts with high-lift lifts and irrigation areas with self-pressure pipelines, priority should be given to the development of self-pressure pipeline water delivery systems.
2.2.3 Promote the use of economical barrier materials. Promote the use of local materials such as lime, cement, and masonry; promote the use of mature materials such as concrete and asphalt concrete, plastic films, and other commonly used materials for seepage control projects; encourage the use of composite geomembrane and modified asphalt waterproofing membranes on the basis of experimental studies. Such as geomembrane materials and polymer fibre concrete, soil solidifying agent and bentonite mats for geosynthetics; strengthening research on new seepage prevention materials, new techniques and new construction equipment under different climate and soil conditions; strengthening channel prevention Anti-frost heave technology research and product development.
2.2.4 Develop an optimized design technique for the size and structure of seepage-proof channels. Large and medium-sized impervious channels should adopt non-standard sections with curved foot or curved bottom, U-shaped sections should be adopted for small channels, concrete-impervious lining stones should be adopted for small and medium-sized channels, and standard design, factory prefabrication, and on-site assembly should be promoted. technology.
2.2.5 Actively develop dynamic water distribution technology in canal systems.
Develop and apply real-time irrigation forecasting technologies; strengthen the research and application of irrigation area water management technologies, and advocate dynamic program water management.
2.2.6 Accelerate the development of measuring water technology in irrigation areas.
Encourage the research, development and promotion of small-scale water equipment with high precision, low cost, high applicability, simple operation, and easy management and maintenance.
2.2.7 Develop aging control technologies for water transport buildings. Actively study the aging prevention technology, disease diagnosis technology, and anti-corrosion, repair, and plugging technologies of water-conveying buildings; speed up the development of reinforcement technologies and products for water-conveying buildings.
2.3.1 Improve surface irrigation technology. Promote small irrigated irrigation, trickle furrow irrigation, and surge irrigation; rationally determine the gully size and the natural slope of the ground to reduce land parcels; popularize high-precision land leveling techniques, encourage the use of laser flattening land; and scientifically control the flow of ramming (ditch) flow, Water heads, irrigation quotas, water changes and other irrigation elements. Elimination of flood irrigation.
2.3.2 Vigorously promote water management techniques based on dry-wet alternate irrigation in rice fields. Promote the development of rice fields in rice irrigation districts and the adoption of shallow wet control irrigation techniques; promote the combination of paddy fields and cultivation; develop rice “three droughts†farming and drought and sparse planting techniques; eliminate long-term flooding irrigation techniques; eliminate paddy fields Raising and rowing technology; active research on suitable paddy soil standards, soil moisture control indicators, drying techniques and corresponding irrigation systems.
2.3.3 Development and application of sprinkler irrigation techniques in line with local conditions. Encourage the use of sprinkler irrigation technology in crop-growing areas, suburban agricultural areas, and contiguous-scale farming areas; give priority to the promotion of small-scale and complete sets of sprinkler irrigation technologies and equipment; encourage development of self-pressure sprinkler irrigation in hilly areas or areas with self-pressure conditions. Technology; active research and development of low-cost, low-energy, easy-to-use sprinkler equipment.
2.3.4 Encourage the development of micro irrigation technology. Promote micro-sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation technology in fruit tree planting, facility agriculture, high-efficiency agriculture, and foreign exchange earning; promote organic integration of micro-irrigation technology with agronomic techniques such as mulching and simultaneous supply of water and fertilizers; and encourage the use of natural slope gradients in hilly areas to develop Micro-irrigation technology such as micro-sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, and small-tube discharge; encourages the combination of rainwater harvesting and utilization projects; develops and applies low-head gravity micro-irrigation technology; actively researches and develops low-cost, low-energy, multi-purpose micro-irrigation equipment.
2.3.5 The technique of sitting water is strongly promoted in areas where the spring drought is severe and the natural precipitation in the later stage can basically meet the needs of crop growth. Encourage the research and development of complex combined water planting equipment with low cost, good performance and high efficiency.
2.3.6 Encourage the application of precise control of irrigation techniques.
Advocate timely and appropriate irrigation; Strengthen crop water physiological characteristics and water requirement law; Actively study the relationship between crop growth and soil moisture, soil nutrients, air humidity, atmospheric temperature and other environmental factors.
2.3.7 Water shortage areas are vigorously developing various non-full irrigation technologies. Advocate irrigation of “critical water†technology during the critical period of crop water demand and during important growth periods; encourage trials to study crop water production functions; study economic irrigation quotas and optimal irrigation systems for crops; strengthen non-full irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation to increase water production Mechanism research; research and application of controlled root-dividing alternate irrigation technology.
2.4.1 Encourage research and application of water and fertilizer coupling techniques. Advocate reasonable coordination between irrigation and fertilization in terms of time, quantity, and mode of use. Use water to adjust fertilizer, water and fertilizer to help each other, and increase water and fertilizer utilization.
2.4.2 Promote deep plowing, deep loosening and other water storage technologies and biological land-holding technologies. Improve soil structure, increase soil water storage, water conservation, and water supply capacity, increase the availability of natural precipitation, and reduce irrigation water use. Pay attention to the research, development and industrialization of deep ploughing equipment.
2.4.3 Actively promote conservation tillage techniques in areas with lighter soil, greater ground slope, or less precipitation. Strengthen the research on the three key technologies of straw stubble cover treatment, mechanized bio tillage, and chemical herbicide application in conservation tillage techniques; strengthen the development and industrialization of protective tillage tools applicable to different regions.
2.4.4 Promote field water enhancement technology. Develop film-covering and furrow sowing technologies; strengthen low-cost, fully degradable plastic film research; strengthen the research and development of soil surface-preservation and warming agents.
2.4.5 Development and application of transpiration and evaporation suppression techniques. Promote the spraying of drought-resistant agents on crop leaves at the peak of crop water demand; encourage the research and industrialization of drought- and water-saving technology products with metabolism, film formation, and reflection.
2.4.6 Popularize drought-resistance, high-yield, and high-quality crop varieties. We will speed up the development of molecular biology techniques for the selection and breeding of drought- and water-saving crop varieties, and breed new varieties that are drought-resistant, drought-tolerant, and water-efficient.
2.4.7 Encourage the use of seed coating agents and water retaining agents for seed dressing. Strengthen the research and development of low-cost, multi-functional water-retaining seed dressing agents, economic crops and special water-retaining agent products and equipment for grassland.
2.5.1 To promote the use of precipitation technology. Actively develop field water management technologies for different crops and different precipitation conditions, promote irrigation systems and irrigation technologies that coordinate crop water consumption and natural precipitation; in dry farming areas, promote land leveling technologies with the main purpose of stagnating natural precipitation and improve Tillage technology; In the rice planting areas, actively promote the technology of shallow rice and deep-water storage; In the arid and semi-arid areas and hills with poor water retention capacity, promote the technology of gathering and collecting water in fish scale pits and horizontal trenches.
2.5.2 Promote irrigation return water use technology.
Actively develop unified irrigation and drainage management techniques; eliminate irrigation water management technologies that are ineffective in the absence of salinity and threats; and actively develop salty and mixed water in regions where the quality of irrigation return water does not meet irrigation water quality requirements. Simple and easy irrigation return water safe use technology.
2.5.3 Vigorously develop rainwater harvesting and utilization technologies.
Promote facilities for agriculture and garden rain collection technology; promote the standardization of engineering facilities; research and apply water quality protection technologies for rainwater harvesting and utilization; actively develop environmentally friendly, efficient and low-cost rainwater collection, preservation, and seepage prevention new materials.
2.6.1 Develop unconventional water resources technology.
Development of multi-use and disperse water technologies for one water; development of mixed or alternative technologies for the use of unconventional water and fresh water; establishment of a quantitative indicator system for sewage irrigation and a control indicator system for brackish water irrigation; development of groundwater, surface water quality, and crops for unconventional water use Production and quality, soil physical and chemical properties, etc. will affect monitoring and evaluation technologies; strengthen research on excretion and treatment technologies of domestic sewage, brackish water, etc.; actively research and develop economically effective unconventional water treatment equipment and water quality monitoring instruments.
2.6.2 Pay attention to the development of artificial rainfall enhancement technology. Artificial rainfall should adhere to government leadership, make overall plans, and allocate resources rationally. In the latent cold cloud and convective cloud artificial rainfall potential area, the artificial precipitation increasing catalytic operation technology was adopted; and a comprehensive decision-making technological system for artificial precipitation enhancement was established.
2.6.3 Moderate development of seawater use technologies. Encourage the rational use of seawater resources in the aquaculture industry or other agricultural and sideline industries; and strengthen the research on natural freshwater diluting seawater to irrigate salt-tolerant crops.
2.7.1 Accelerate the development of breeding techniques for excellent herbage varieties with drought resistance and drought resistance. Breeding wild forage grass suitable for local natural conditions or domesticated cultivated artificial pasture fine varieties; breeding deep roots, erecting small-area leaves, high-quality drought-tolerant grasses that have strong adaptability and resistance to drought-deficient water environment.
2.7.2 Develop and popularize excellent water-saving and drought-resistant pasture cultivation techniques suitable for natural grassland and artificial grassland. Establish planting structures and planting systems that are compatible with lighting resources, water resources, and particularly precipitation, and rationally match various pasture species such as legumes and grasses to develop and promote grass-bean, forage-feed three-dimensional planting or grassland rotation .
2.7.3 Promote water-saving irrigation techniques on artificial grasslands. Promote the grassland water-saving irrigation system; develop anti-seepage linings for irrigation channels and pipeline water conveyance irrigation technologies in accordance with local conditions; encourage the development of grassland sprinkler irrigation technologies under appropriate conditions; improve grassland surface irrigation technology; develop grassland irrigation water management technologies; and strengthen grass water requirement law , Irrigation system and irrigation method and technology test research. Eliminating grassland flood irrigation technology.
2.7.4 Develop grassland water-saving farming techniques. Advocate the application of no-till direct seeding technology for grasslands; develop manual reseeding and artificial planting techniques; attach importance to enhancing the ability of grassland soils to retain water and fertility; and vigorously develop pastoral areas for irrigation fodder bases.
2.7.5 Develop intensive, water-saving culture techniques.
Promote centralized water supply and comprehensive utilization of livestock; promote “new†environmental livestock and poultry houses, water-saving cooling technologies and drinking water equipment; scientifically set drinking points for livestock to effectively protect water sources or water supply points; and grassland areas that lack water resources and extremely difficult water supply Water supply pipelines can be used to provide water supply; promotion of rainwater purification facilities with anti-seepage and purification effects, such as concrete structures, masonry structures, etc.; encourage the development of water-saving type, a variety of power, simple structure, easy to use, and high water supply guarantee rate. Water supply equipment. Promote the research and promotion of water-saving and efficient factory aquaculture facilities. Gradually eliminate long-flow water supply technology.
2.7.6 Promote aquaculture wastewater treatment and reuse technology. To promote the reuse technology of aquaculture wastewater after anaerobic treatment, and recycle technology for deep rinsing after treatment and disinfection; promote the use of separate water supply and multi-level utilization; change the traditional water flushing and excrement and blisters into dry excrement method Research and development of low-cost, high-efficiency aquaculture wastewater treatment facilities.
2.7.7 Develop water-saving technologies for livestock products and aquatic products processing. Encourage research and development of multi-functional, low-cost, water-saving, environment-friendly processing technologies and technical equipment.
2.8.1 Develop and promote centralized water supply technologies in villages and towns. Actively promote planned water use and develop technologies for the development, utilization, and protection of drinking water sources. Underground water should be used to seal off unfavorable aquifers, prevent brackish water, waste water and other inferior water from invading water sources; and encourage the protection of water resources for grassland and grasslands. Implement centralized water supply and actively develop village and town water supply pipe network optimization design technology.
2.8.2 Encourage research, development and promotion of household water meters and water-saving water-use facilities in towns and villages. Water-scarce areas in households in the water-scarce areas should gradually implement household households' moisture measurement.
2.8.3 Develop drinking water treatment and water quality monitoring technologies in villages and towns. Areas where water quality is not up to standard promote the centralized treatment of drinking water sources; establish a water quality inspection system; and encourage the development and promotion of simple monitoring equipment and portable monitoring equipment suitable for village and village management conditions.